Species: Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) 1861

Larvae of H. borealis are easily recognized by the spiral snail-shaped case it constructs of small sand grains. They are can be found in both rivers and lakes. They feed on algae, and both plant and animal detritus. In Candle lake it was one of the numerically dominant caddisfly species collected, emerging from mid June to the first part of August.

References:

Parker, D. 2002. Candle Lake Biodiversity Study Report 2001 and 2002 for Saskatchewan Environment. AquaTax Consulting. Unpublished.

Smith, D. H. 1984. Systematics of Saskatchewan Trichoptera larvae with emphasis on species from the boreal streams. Ph.D. Thesis U. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. SK 1302 pp.

Wiggins, G.B. 1996. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera . 2nd Ed. University of Toronto Press.